Health Dictionary

Dicionário de saúde

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V X Z

A

Abscess Collection of pus in a part of the body caused by a bacterial infection, which may lead to pain, swelling, and fever.
Acute abdomen Clinical condition characterised by sudden and severe abdominal pain that may require urgent medical intervention.
Ablation Medical procedure that removes or destroys abnormal tissue, often used in cardiac or oncological treatments.
Abrasion Superficial skin injury caused by friction or scraping.
Acne Common skin condition caused by clogged pores, leading to pimples, blackheads, and inflammation.
Adenoids Lymphatic tissue located at the back of the nasal cavity, important for immune defence, especially in children.
Adenoma Benign tumour that develops in glands or glandular tissue.
Adrenaline Hormone released in stressful situations, responsible for the “fight or flight” response.
Aerobic (exercise) Physical activity that improves cardiovascular capacity by increasing oxygen consumption.
Aphasia Language disorder caused by brain injury, affecting speech, comprehension, or writing.
Agoraphobia Anxiety disorder characterised by fear of being in public places or situations that are difficult to escape.
Albumin Protein found in the blood, important for transporting substances and maintaining fluid balance in the body.
Alcoholism Dependence on alcohol consumption that affects both physical and mental health.
Allergy Immune system reaction to normally harmless substances such as pollen, food, or medication.
Alopecia Partial or total hair loss, which may have genetic, hormonal, or autoimmune causes.
Alzheimer’s disease Progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects memory, thinking, and behaviour.
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation in women of reproductive age.
Anabolism Metabolic process responsible for building complex molecules in the body.
Analgesic Medication used to relieve pain.
Anamnesis Collection of information about a patient’s clinical history during a medical consultation.
Anemia Reduction in red blood cells or haemoglobin, leading to fatigue and weakness.
Anesthesia Procedure that blocks pain during medical or surgical interventions.
Aneurysm Abnormal dilation of a blood vessel that may rupture and cause serious complications.
Angina (chest pain) Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart.
Angiology Medical specialty that studies and treats diseases of blood vessels.
Anorexia Eating disorder characterised by extreme food restriction and fear of gaining weight.
Anxiety Emotional state of excessive worry that may affect physical and psychological well-being.
Antibiotic Medication used to treat bacterial infections.
Antibodies Proteins produced by the immune system to fight infectious agents.
Antidepressant Medication used to treat depression and other mental health conditions.
Antigen Substance that triggers an immune system response.
Antioxidant Substance that helps combat free radicals and protects cells from ageing.
Antipyretic Medication used to reduce fever.
Antisepsis Set of procedures used to eliminate microorganisms and prevent infections.
Aorta The largest artery in the human body, responsible for carrying blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
Sleep apnea Disorder characterised by pauses in breathing during sleep.
Appendix Small structure attached to the large intestine, whose inflammation may cause appendicitis.
Appendicitis Inflammation of the appendix, often requiring surgical intervention.
Arthritis Inflammation of the joints causing pain and stiffness.
Osteoarthritis Degenerative joint disease associated with cartilage wear.
Arrhythmia Abnormal heart rhythm.
Asthma Chronic respiratory disease characterised by inflammation of the airways.
Asthenia Generalised feeling of weakness and lack of energy.
Atrophy Decrease in the size or function of an organ or tissue.
Audiometry Test that evaluates hearing ability.
Autism Developmental disorder affecting communication and social interaction.
Autoimmune disease Condition in which the immune system attacks the body itself.
Stroke (CVA – Cerebrovascular Accident) Interruption of blood flow to the brain, which may cause neurological damage.
Heartburn Burning sensation in the chest caused by acid reflux.

B

Bacteria Microorganism that can be beneficial or cause infections in the human body.
Bacteremia Presence of bacteria in the bloodstream, which may lead to serious infections.
Balanitis Inflammation of the glans penis, often associated with infections or poor hygiene.
Bariatrics Field of medicine focused on the treatment of obesity, including bariatric surgery.
Barotrauma Injury caused by changes in pressure, common in diving or air travel.
Basophils Type of white blood cells involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions.
Bladder Organ responsible for storing urine.
Overactive bladder Condition characterised by a frequent and urgent need to urinate.
Benign Term used to describe non-cancerous tumours that do not spread throughout the body.
Bilirubin Pigment produced from the breakdown of red blood cells, important in liver function.
Biochemistry Scientific field that studies the chemical processes within the body.
Biopsy Medical procedure that involves collecting a tissue sample for laboratory analysis.
Biotin B-complex vitamin important for the health of hair, skin, and nails.
Bipolar disorder Mental health condition characterised by extreme mood changes.
Blepharitis Inflammation of the eyelids causing irritation, redness, and flaking.
Heart block Disruption in the electrical conduction of the heart that may affect heart rhythm.
Physical fitness State of health associated with adequate levels of endurance, strength, and overall well-being.
Goiter Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Blister (skin) Fluid-filled skin lesion, usually caused by friction or burns.
Botox Substance used in aesthetic and therapeutic medicine to relax muscles.
Botulism Rare disease caused by bacterial toxins that affect the nervous system.
Bradycardia Heart rate slower than normal.
Bronchi Airways that carry air into the lungs.
Bronchodilator Medication that helps open the airways.
Bronchospasm Contraction of the airway muscles causing difficulty breathing.
Bronchopneumonia Type of pneumonia that affects multiple areas of the lungs.
Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi causing cough and mucus production.
Bulimia Eating disorder characterised by episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviours.
Burnout Syndrome of physical and emotional exhaustion associated with chronic stress.
Cardiac bypass Surgical procedure that creates a detour for blood flow to bypass blocked arteries.

C

Calcium Essential mineral for the health of bones, teeth, and muscle function.
Kidney stone Formation of stones in the kidneys that may cause intense pain and difficulty urinating.
Cancer Disease characterised by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body.
Candidiasis Infection caused by Candida fungi, common in the skin and mucous membranes.
Capillaries Small blood vessels responsible for the exchange of substances between blood and tissues.
Joint capsule Structure that surrounds and protects the joints.
Cardiology Medical specialty dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases.
Heart disease Condition that affects the heart and its function.
Vitamin deficiency Lack of essential vitamins in the body, which may cause various symptoms.
Carcinoma Type of cancer that originates in epithelial cells.
Catheter Thin tube used to administer medication or drain fluids from the body.
Headache (Cephalgia) Medical term for head pain.
Cells Basic units that make up all tissues in the human body.
Check-up Preventive medical evaluation to detect diseases at an early stage.
Blood circulation Process by which blood transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
Cirrhosis Chronic liver disease characterised by liver deterioration.
Cystitis Urinary tract infection that causes pain when urinating and frequent urge to urinate.
Chlamydia Sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria.
Collagen Protein responsible for skin elasticity and firmness.
Cholesterol Fatty substance in the blood that, in excess, increases cardiovascular risk.
Colitis Inflammation of the colon causing abdominal pain and bowel changes.
Colon Part of the large intestine responsible for water absorption.
Coma Deep state of unconsciousness in which the patient does not respond to stimuli.
Binge eating Excessive and uncontrolled food intake.
Conjunctivitis Inflammation of the membrane covering the eye, causing redness and irritation.
Constipation Difficulty in bowel movements.
Contagion Transmission of diseases between individuals.
Coagulation Natural process that allows blood to clot and stop bleeding.
COVID-19 Infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.
Chronic (disease) Long-term condition that requires continuous monitoring.
Palliative care Medical care focused on comfort and quality of life in serious illnesses.
Curettage Medical procedure that removes tissue from inside a cavity.
Dressing (wound care) Material used to protect wounds and support healing.

D

Bone density Measurement of the amount of minerals in the bones, important for assessing the risk of osteoporosis.
Dentition Process of development and eruption of teeth.
Dermatology Medical specialty dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of skin diseases.
Dermatitis Inflammation of the skin causing redness, itching, and irritation.
Dehydration Lack of water in the body, which may cause weakness, dizziness, and other symptoms.
Fainting (Syncope) Temporary loss of consciousness caused by reduced blood flow to the brain.
Malnutrition Condition in which the body does not receive enough nutrients to function properly.
Detoxification Process of eliminating toxic substances from the body.
Diabetes Metabolic disease characterised by high blood sugar levels.
Dialysis Treatment that replaces kidney function by filtering the blood.
Diarrhea Frequent and loose bowel movements, which may lead to dehydration.
Diagnosis Identification of a disease through the evaluation of symptoms and tests.
Diet Set of eating habits followed by an individual.
Digestion Process by which the body converts food into nutrients.
Dilation Increase in the diameter of an organ or vessel.
Erectile dysfunction Difficulty in achieving or maintaining an erection sufficient for sexual activity.
Dyslipidemia Abnormal levels of fats in the blood, such as cholesterol and triglycerides.
Dysplasia Abnormal growth of cells that may develop into cancer.
Dyspnea Sensation of shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
Muscle strain Muscle injury caused by excessive effort or stretching.
Eating disorder Disturbance in eating behaviour that affects health.
Autoimmune disease Condition in which the immune system attacks the body itself.
Cardiovascular disease Group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels.
Chronic disease Long-term condition requiring ongoing management.
Degenerative disease Disease that causes progressive deterioration of tissues or organs.
Infectious disease Disease caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
Acute pain Short-term pain usually associated with injury or inflammation.
Chronic pain Persistent pain lasting for long periods.
Muscle pain Pain in the muscles caused by strain, tension, or injury.
Lymphatic drainage Technique that stimulates the lymphatic system to reduce swelling and fluid retention.
Duodenum First part of the small intestine, essential for digestion.

E

Ultrasound Imaging test that uses sound waves to visualise internal organs.
Eczema Inflammatory skin condition causing itching, redness, and flaking.
Edema Swelling caused by the accumulation of fluid in body tissues.
Side effect Undesired reaction associated with the use of medications or treatments.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Test that records the electrical activity of the heart.
Electrolytes Minerals in the body that regulate functions such as hydration and muscle activity.
Embolism Blockage of a blood vessel by a clot or other substance.
Pulmonary embolism Blockage of an artery in the lungs, usually caused by a blood clot.
Embryonic Related to the early stages of human development.
Myocardial infarction Interruption of blood flow to the heart, causing damage to the heart muscle.
Pulmonary emphysema Chronic lung disease that makes breathing difficult.
Nursing Healthcare field dedicated to patient care and support.
Endocrinology Medical specialty that studies hormones and the endocrine system.
Endoscopy Procedure that allows visualisation of internal organs using a camera-equipped tube.
Endometriosis Condition in which tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside the uterus.
Metabolic energy Energy produced by the body from food.
Migraine Type of intense and recurring headache, often accompanied by nausea.
Epidemic Sudden increase in the number of disease cases in a specific region.
Epidermis Outermost layer of the skin.
Epilepsy Neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures.
Hormonal balance State in which hormones are at appropriate levels in the body.
Erythrocytes Red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen in the blood.
Skin rash Appearance of spots or lesions on the skin.
Multiple sclerosis Autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system.
Scoliosis Abnormal curvature of the spine.
Sphincter Muscle that controls the opening and closing of an organ.
Esophagitis Inflammation of the esophagus, often caused by acid reflux.
Muscle spasm Involuntary contraction of a muscle.
Semen Fluid containing sperm cells, essential for reproduction.
Spermatogenesis Process of sperm production.
Splenomegaly Enlargement of the spleen.
Stomach Organ responsible for the initial digestion of food.
Stress Body’s response to physical or emotional pressure.
Estrogen Female sex hormone important for the menstrual cycle and bone health.
Clinical examination Physical evaluation performed by a doctor during a consultation.
Physical exercise Bodily activity that improves health and overall well-being.
Expectoration Expulsion of secretions from the respiratory tract through coughing.

F

Fatigue Persistent feeling of physical or mental tiredness that does not improve with rest.
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the pharynx causing sore throat and difficulty swallowing.
Pharmacology Field of medicine that studies drugs and their effects on the body.
Pharynx Structure that connects the mouth and nose to the esophagus and larynx.
Fascia Connective tissue that surrounds muscles, organs, and other body structures.
Fever Increase in body temperature, usually as a response to infection.
Stool (feces) Waste material eliminated from the body through the digestive system.
Wound Injury to the skin or body tissues caused by trauma or disease.
Fertility Ability of an individual to reproduce.
Fetus Stage of human development following the embryonic period.
Dietary fiber Component of plant-based foods that supports intestinal function.
Fibromyalgia Chronic condition characterised by widespread muscle pain and fatigue.
Fibrosis Excessive formation of fibrous tissue in organs or tissues.
Liver Vital organ responsible for detoxification and metabolism.
Physiotherapy Healthcare field that uses physical techniques for rehabilitation and injury treatment.
Fissure Small tear or opening in tissue, such as skin or mucosa.
Phlebitis Inflammation of a vein, often associated with blood clots.
Phobia Intense and irrational fear of specific situations, objects, or activities.
Follicle Structure that produces cells, such as the hair follicle responsible for hair growth.
Heart rate Number of heartbeats per minute.
Fracture Break or crack in a bone.
Fungi Microorganisms that can cause infections in the skin, nails, or internal organs.
Renal function Ability of the kidneys to filter blood and eliminate waste.
Fundoscopy Examination that evaluates the back of the eye, including the retina and optic nerve.
Boil (furuncle) Deep skin infection forming a painful pus-filled lump.
Blood flow Movement of blood through the blood vessels.
Gut flora (intestinal microbiota) Collection of microorganisms living in the intestine that aid digestion.
Flatulence Accumulation of gas in the digestive system.
Photosensitivity Exaggerated skin reaction to sun exposure.
Respiratory rate Number of breaths per minute.

G

Lymph node Small structure of the lymphatic system that helps fight infections.
Gastritis Inflammation of the stomach lining causing pain, heartburn, and discomfort.
Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually with vomiting and diarrhea.
Gastroenterology Medical specialty dedicated to the digestive system.
Blood glucose (glycemia) Level of sugar in the blood.
Glucose Main source of energy for the body, present in the blood.
Gland Organ responsible for producing and secreting substances such as hormones.
Thyroid gland Gland that regulates metabolism through hormone production.
Glaucoma Eye disease that can cause vision loss due to increased intraocular pressure.
White blood cells Cells of the immune system responsible for defending the body.
Red blood cells Cells responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood.
Body fat Energy reserve of the body which, in excess, may affect health.
Gout Disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid in the joints, leading to intense pain.
Pregnancy Period of fetal development in the uterus.
Flu (Influenza) Viral respiratory infection with symptoms such as fever, body aches, and cough.
Gingivitis Inflammation of the gums caused by the accumulation of bacterial plaque.
Genetics Field of science that studies genes and heredity.
Genome Complete set of genetic material of an organism.
Gynecology Medical specialty dedicated to the health of the female reproductive system.
Gonorrhea Sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria.
Glycogen Stored form of glucose in the liver and muscles.
Intestinal gas Accumulation of air in the digestive system that may cause abdominal discomfort.
Geriatrics Medical specialty focused on elderly health care.
Gestation Period of development of the embryo and fetus until birth.
Lymph nodes Structures that filter substances and help defend the body.
Chronic gout Persistent form of gout with recurrent joint inflammation.
Gynecomastia Enlargement of breast tissue in men.
Gastrostomy Procedure that creates an opening in the stomach for feeding.
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the kidney glomeruli affecting renal function.
Gangrene Death of body tissue due to lack of blood flow or infection.

H

Bad breath (halitosis) Unpleasant odor from the mouth, usually associated with oral or digestive issues.
Red blood cells (erythrocytes) Cells responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood.
Hemangioma Benign tumour formed by blood vessels.
Hemarthrosis Accumulation of blood within a joint.
Hematoma Collection of blood outside blood vessels, usually caused by trauma.
Hematology Field of medicine that studies blood and blood disorders.
Hemoglobin Protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen.
Hemorrhage Loss of blood due to rupture of blood vessels.
Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver, often caused by viruses, alcohol, or medications.
Hernia Protrusion of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening.
Herniated disc Displacement of a spinal disc that may cause pain and nerve compression.
Herpes Viral infection that causes lesions on the skin or mucous membranes.
Cold sore (herpes labialis) Common form of herpes that causes blisters on the lips.
Hydration Maintenance of adequate fluid levels in the body.
Hyperactivity Excessive level of physical or mental activity.
Hyperglycemia High blood sugar levels.
Hyperlipidemia Elevated levels of fats in the blood.
Hypertension High blood pressure, increasing cardiovascular risk.
Hypertrophy Increase in the size of an organ or tissue.
Hypnosis Altered state of consciousness used in therapy or treatment.
Hypoglycemia Low blood sugar levels.
Hypotension Blood pressure below normal levels.
Histology Microscopic study of body tissues.
Hormone Chemical substance that regulates various body functions.
Thyroid hormones Hormones produced by the thyroid that control metabolism.
HPV (Human Papillomavirus) Virus transmitted through sexual contact, associated with warts and cancer.
Intestinal chyme Semi-digested content produced during digestion in the intestine.
Huntington’s disease Genetic disorder affecting the nervous system, causing involuntary movements.
Hydronephrosis Dilation of the kidneys caused by urinary obstruction.
Hyperplasia Increase in the number of cells in a tissue.

I

Jaundice Yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by excess bilirubin in the blood.
Immunity The body’s ability to defend itself against infections and diseases.
Immunology Field of medicine that studies the immune system.
Immunosuppression Reduced activity of the immune system.
Implant Device placed in the body to replace or support a biological structure.
Impotence (erectile dysfunction) Difficulty in achieving or maintaining an erection.
Incision Cut made during a surgical procedure.
Urinary incontinence Involuntary loss of urine.
Indigestion Digestive discomfort after eating.
Infection Entry and multiplication of microorganisms in the body.
Urinary tract infection (UTI) Infection affecting the urinary system, such as the bladder or kidneys.
Inflammation Body’s response to injury or infection, causing pain, heat, and swelling.
Inhalation Entry of substances into the body through breathing.
Insomnia Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep.
Heart failure Inability of the heart to pump blood effectively.
Renal failure Loss of kidney function in filtering the blood.
Insulin Hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.
Intestine Organ responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption.
Food intolerance Difficulty in digesting certain foods, causing digestive symptoms.
Intoxication Body’s reaction to toxic substances.
Intravenous Administration of substances directly into a vein.
Invasive (procedure) Medical procedure that involves entering the body.
Ischemia Reduced blood flow to a tissue.
Ileum Final part of the small intestine.
Body Mass Index (BMI) Indicator used to assess weight in relation to height.
Skin irritation Skin reaction causing redness and discomfort.
Isolation (medical) Separation of patients to prevent disease transmission.
Immunotherapy Treatment that stimulates the immune system to fight diseases.
Infarction Tissue death caused by lack of blood supply.
Injection Administration of medication using a needle.

J

Window period Time between infection and when a disease can be detected by laboratory tests.
Fasting Period without food intake, used for medical tests or health purposes.
Intermittent fasting Dietary approach that alternates periods of eating and fasting.
Knee Joint connecting the femur to the tibia, essential for mobility.
Bunion Bony deformity at the base of the big toe.
Juvenile (disease) Term used to describe diseases that occur in childhood or adolescence.
Neuromuscular junction Point where a nerve transmits signals to a muscle to produce movement.
Joint Point where two bones meet, allowing movement.
Jugular vein Major vein in the neck responsible for returning blood to the heart.
Urinary stream Flow of urine during urination, an indicator of urinary health.
Jet lag Disruption of the biological rhythm caused by rapid time zone changes.
Inflamed joint Inflammation of a joint causing pain and limited movement.
Stiff joint Joint stiffness that limits mobility.
Degenerative joint Progressive wear of a joint, commonly associated with osteoarthritis.
Swollen joint Joint swelling due to inflammation or injury.
Painful joint Localized joint pain with various possible causes.
Blood jet High-pressure flow of blood, usually associated with hemorrhage.
Jugular region Anterior area of the neck associated with important vascular structures.
Clinical judgment Medical evaluation and decision-making based on knowledge and experience.
Synovial joint Type of joint that allows free movement, such as the knee or shoulder.

K

Kalemia Concentration of potassium in the blood, important for muscle and heart function.
Keratoses Skin lesions characterised by thickening of the skin.
Actinic keratosis Skin lesion caused by sun exposure, which may develop into cancer.
Seborrheic keratosis Benign skin lesion with a dark and raised appearance.
Keratin Protein found in the skin, hair, and nails.
Kinesiology Study of human body movement.
Kinesiotherapy Treatment based on therapeutic exercises for physical rehabilitation.
Klebsiella Bacterium that can cause respiratory and urinary infections.
Klinefelter syndrome Genetic condition in males associated with infertility and hormonal changes.
Kwashiorkor Severe form of malnutrition caused by protein deficiency.

L

Cleft lip Congenital malformation characterised by an opening in the upper lip.
Lactose Sugar found in milk and dairy products.
Lactose intolerance Inability to digest lactose, causing digestive symptoms.
Larynx Organ responsible for voice production and air passage to the lungs.
Laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx causing hoarseness and loss of voice.
Leukemia Type of cancer that affects white blood cells.
Leukocytes White blood cells responsible for defending the body.
Lymphoma Cancer that affects the lymphatic system.
Lymph Fluid of the lymphatic system that carries immune cells.
Lymphocytes Type of white blood cells involved in the immune response.
Lipids Fats present in the body, important for energy and cellular structure.
Lipoma Benign tumour composed of fatty tissue.
Presyncope (lipothymia) Sensation of near-fainting without complete loss of consciousness.
Lysis Destruction of cells.
Tongue Muscular organ involved in speech, chewing, and swallowing.
Lower back pain (lumbago) Pain in the lumbar region of the spine.
Lupus Autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs.
Lumen Internal space of tubular organs such as intestines or blood vessels.
Dislocation Displacement of a bone from its normal position in a joint.
Lesion Damage to body tissues caused by trauma or disease.
Skin lesion Alteration in the skin, such as spots or wounds.
Muscle injury Damage to muscles caused by strain or trauma.
Ligament injury Damage to ligaments that may affect joint stability.
Lactation Production of milk by the mammary glands.
Laryngoscopy Examination that allows visualisation of the larynx.
Laser (treatment) Technology used in medical and aesthetic procedures.
Lethargy State of drowsiness and lack of energy.
Leptin Hormone that regulates the feeling of satiety.
Neurological injury Damage to the nervous system that may affect movement or sensation.
Cerebrospinal fluid Fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord.

M

Macula Central region of the retina responsible for detailed vision.
Malignant Term used to describe cancerous tumours that can invade other tissues.
Malformation Congenital structural abnormality present from birth.
Mammography Imaging test used to assess breast health.
Skin spot (pigmented lesion) Change in skin colour.
Medication Set of medicines used in the treatment of diseases.
Medicine Science dedicated to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases.
Internal medicine Medical specialty focused on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in adults.
Spinal cord Part of the central nervous system responsible for transmitting nerve impulses.
Melanoma Potentially aggressive type of skin cancer.
Menopause Stage in a woman’s life marked by the end of menstruation.
Menstruation Monthly shedding of the uterine lining.
Metabolism Set of chemical reactions that keep the body functioning.
Metastasis Spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body.
Myalgia Muscle pain.
Microbiota Collection of microorganisms that live in the human body.
Myopia Difficulty seeing distant objects.
Myocardium Heart muscle responsible for cardiac contraction.
Migrating pain Pain that moves from one area of the body to another.
Minerals Essential nutrients for body function.
Fibroid (uterine fibroid) Benign tumour of the uterus.
Myositis Inflammation of the muscles.
Mitochondria Cellular structure responsible for energy production.
Mobility Ability of the body to move.
Monitoring Continuous tracking of health parameters.
Morphology Study of the form and structure of organisms.
Mucosa Tissue that lines internal body cavities.
Muscle Tissue responsible for body movement.
Mutation Change in genetic material.
Myelin Substance that surrounds nerves and facilitates impulse transmission.

N

Nausea Sensation of stomach discomfort with an urge to vomit.
Nephrology Medical specialty dedicated to the study and treatment of the kidneys.
Nephritis Inflammation of the kidneys that may impair renal function.
Nephrolithiasis Formation of kidney stones in the kidneys.
Neoplasia Abnormal growth of cells, which may be benign or malignant.
Nerve Structure that transmits impulses between the brain and the body.
Neuralgia Intense pain along a nerve.
Neuron Cell of the nervous system responsible for signal transmission.
Neurology Medical specialty dedicated to the nervous system.
Neuropathy Damage or dysfunction of nerves.
Neurotransmitter Chemical substance that transmits signals between neurons.
Neutrophils Type of white blood cells important in defending against infections.
Nocturia Frequent need to urinate during the night.
Nodule Abnormal mass or lump of tissue in the body.
Norovirus Virus responsible for infectious gastroenteritis.
Nutrition Process of intake and use of nutrients by the body.
Nutrient Essential substance for the functioning of the body.
Necrosis Death of cells or tissues.
Nose Organ responsible for breathing and smell.
Nasal (route) Administration of medication through the nose.
Nystagmus Involuntary movement of the eyes.
Narcosis State of central nervous system depression caused by substances.
Nephropathy Disease affecting the kidneys.
Thyroid nodule Mass in the thyroid gland.
Blood glucose level Amount of sugar present in the blood.
Clinical nutrition Healthcare field focused on nutrition as a form of treatment.
Chronic nausea Persistent sensation of the urge to vomit.
Optic nerve Nerve responsible for transmitting visual information to the brain.
Neurodegenerative disease Disease that causes progressive deterioration of the nervous system.
Peripheral nerve Nerve located outside the central nervous system.

O

Obesity Excess body fat that increases the risk of various diseases.
Constipation Difficulty in bowel movements, also known as irregular bowel habits.
Obstruction Partial or complete blockage of an organ or body channel.
Intestinal obstruction Blockage of the intestine that prevents the passage of digestive contents.
Ophthalmology Medical specialty dedicated to eye health.
Ophthalmologist Doctor specialised in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases.
Oliguria Decreased urine production.
Shoulder Joint that connects the arm to the torso and allows wide mobility.
Oncology Medical specialty dedicated to the study and treatment of cancer.
Oncological Related to cancer or cancer treatment.
Brain waves Electrical activity of the brain measured through tests such as EEG.
Ear Organ responsible for hearing and balance.
Orthopaedics Medical specialty dedicated to the musculoskeletal system.
Orthopaedist Doctor specialised in bones, muscles, and joints.
Osteoporosis Disease characterised by loss of bone density.
Osteoarthritis Degenerative joint disease.
Osteomyelitis Bone infection caused by bacteria.
Osteopathy Manual therapy focused on restoring body balance.
Bones Rigid structures that form the human skeleton.
Otitis Inflammation of the ear, usually associated with infection.
Otorhinolaryngology Medical specialty dedicated to the ear, nose, and throat.
Ovary Organ of the female reproductive system that produces eggs.
Ovulation Release of an egg from the ovary.
Oxygenation Process of supplying oxygen to body tissues.
Oxygen Gas essential for respiration and energy production in the body.
Oximeter Device that measures oxygen levels in the blood.
Oxidation Chemical process that may cause cellular damage.
Oligospermia Low concentration of sperm in semen.
Nasal obstruction Difficulty breathing through the nose due to blockage.
Osteopenia Reduced bone density, preceding osteoporosis.

P

Pancreas Organ responsible for producing insulin and digestive enzymes.
Pancreatitis Inflammation of the pancreas that may cause severe abdominal pain.
Papilloma Benign lesion caused by abnormal cell growth.
Pathology Field of medicine that studies diseases.
Pediatrics Medical specialty dedicated to child health.
Skin Largest organ of the human body, responsible for protection.
Pelvis Bony structure located in the lower part of the torso.
Penicillin Antibiotic used in the treatment of bacterial infections.
Hearing loss Reduced ability to hear.
Perfusion Passage of fluids through tissues or organs.
Pericarditis Inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart.
Fertile period Phase of the menstrual cycle with a higher probability of pregnancy.
Peritonitis Inflammation of the membrane lining the abdominal cavity.
Pneumonia Lung infection that causes inflammation of the alveoli.
Pulmonology Medical specialty dedicated to the respiratory system.
Polyp Abnormal tissue growth in mucous membranes.
Blood pressure Force exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries.
Prevention Set of measures aimed at avoiding diseases.
Prostate Gland of the male reproductive system.
Prostatitis Inflammation of the prostate.
Protein Essential nutrient for building and repairing tissues.
Psychology Field that studies behaviour and mental processes.
Psychotherapy Treatment of emotional problems through psychological support.
Psoriasis Inflammatory skin disease characterised by scaly plaques.
Pulse Rhythm of heartbeats felt in the arteries.
Lung Organ responsible for gas exchange during breathing.
Pus Fluid resulting from infection, composed of dead cells and bacteria.
Parasite Organism that lives at the expense of another, potentially causing disease.
Paralysis Loss of movement in part of the body.
Childbirth Process of giving birth to a baby.

Q

Abdominal quadrant Division of the abdomen used to localise symptoms and diagnoses.
Quarantine Period of isolation to prevent the spread of infectious diseases.
Keratin Structural protein found in the skin, hair, and nails.
Keratosis Thickening of the skin caused by excessive keratin production.
Actinic keratosis Skin lesion caused by sun exposure with potential to become cancerous.
Keratosis pilaris Benign skin condition causing small, rough bumps.
Chemotherapy Treatment used to fight cancer through medication.
Chemoprophylaxis Use of medication to prevent disease.
Cyst Closed sac of tissue filled with fluid or semi-solid material.
Sebaceous cyst Benign cyst formed under the skin due to blocked glands.
Ovarian cyst Fluid-filled structure in the ovary.
Keloid Raised and thick scar resulting from excessive healing.
Hair loss Loss of hair that may have hormonal, genetic, or nutritional causes.
Burn Skin injury caused by heat, chemicals, or radiation.
Sunburn Skin damage caused by excessive sun exposure.
Clinical complaint Description of symptoms presented by the patient to the doctor.
Intelligence quotient (IQ) Measure of an individual’s cognitive ability.
Chemotaxis Movement of cells in response to chemical stimuli.
Quinolones Class of antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections.
Chemoreceptor Sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli.

R

Radiation Energy emitted as particles or waves, used in medical diagnosis and treatment.
X-ray (radiography) Imaging test that uses X-rays to visualise internal body structures.
Free radicals Unstable molecules that can cause cellular damage and ageing.
Rickets Disease caused by vitamin D deficiency, affecting bone development.
Rehabilitation Process of recovering physical or mental functions after illness or injury.
Allergic reaction Body’s response to substances it considers harmful.
Gastroesophageal reflux Return of stomach contents to the esophagus, causing heartburn.
Cellular regeneration Body’s ability to renew damaged cells.
Hormonal regulation Balance of hormones in the body.
Rehydration Restoration of fluids in the body.
Transplant rejection Body’s response against a transplanted organ.
Remission Reduction or disappearance of disease symptoms.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Imaging test that uses magnetic fields to evaluate organs and tissues.
Respiration Process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
Retina Layer of the eye responsible for capturing images.
Fluid retention Accumulation of fluid in body tissues.
Rhinitis Inflammation of the nasal mucosa, usually caused by allergies.
Kidneys Organs responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.
Cardiovascular risk Likelihood of developing heart and blood vessel diseases.
Heart rhythm Frequency and regularity of heartbeats.
Rupture Tear or break of tissues or structures.
Rubella Contagious viral disease with skin rash.
Muscle rupture Severe muscle injury caused by excessive strain.
Ligament rupture Injury to ligaments affecting joint stability.
Inflammatory response Body’s reaction to injury or infection.
Recovery Process of returning to health after illness or treatment.
Resuscitation Set of techniques used to restore vital functions.
Reabsorption Process of absorbing substances within the body.
Reproduction Biological process of generating offspring.
Medical record Document containing a patient’s medical information.

S

Blood Liquid tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body.
Oxygen saturation Percentage of oxygen carried in the blood.
Health State of physical, mental, and social well-being.
Sedation Administration of medication to induce relaxation or sleep.
Sedentary lifestyle Lack of regular physical activity.
Secretion Production and release of substances by the body.
Septicemia (sepsis) Severe bloodstream infection that can be life-threatening.
Serology Test that analyses antibodies in the blood.
Digestive system Group of organs responsible for food digestion.
Endocrine system Group of glands that produce hormones.
Immune system Body’s defence system against infections.
Nervous system Set of structures that control body functions and responses.
Respiratory system Group of organs responsible for breathing.
Symptom Manifestation of a disease perceived by the patient.
Syncope Sudden and temporary loss of consciousness.
Sinusitis Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.
Overweight Body weight above what is considered healthy.
Heart murmur Abnormal sound of blood flow in the heart.
Serum Solution used for hydration or administration of medications.
Stress Body’s response to physical or emotional pressure.
Dietary supplement Product used to complement the diet.
Suture Procedure of closing a wound with stitches.
Sweating (perspiration) Production of sweat by the body.
Suppuration Formation of pus in an infection.
Deafness Partial or total loss of hearing.
Syndrome Set of signs and symptoms associated with a condition.
Metabolic syndrome Group of risk factors such as obesity and hypertension.
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Functional intestinal disorder causing pain and bowel changes.
Syphilis Sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria.
Lymphatic system Network of vessels and organs involved in body defence.

T

Tachycardia Increase in heart rate above normal levels.
Tendon Structure that connects muscle to bone.
Tendinitis Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by repetitive strain.
Therapy Set of treatments used to cure or relieve diseases.
Hormone therapy Treatment involving the administration of hormones.
Thermoregulation Process of controlling body temperature.
Thyroid Gland responsible for regulating metabolism.
Thyroxine Hormone produced by the thyroid that regulates metabolism.
Drug tolerance Reduced response to a medication with continuous use.
Thorax Region of the body that houses organs such as the heart and lungs.
Cough Body reflex to clear the airways.
Toxicity Ability of a substance to cause harm to the body.
Toxin Poisonous substance produced by living organisms.
Blood transfusion Transfer of blood or blood components between individuals.
Transplant Replacement of an organ or tissue with a healthy one.
Trachea Tube that carries air to the lungs.
Trauma Physical injury caused by impact or accident.
Traumatology Medical field that treats traumatic injuries.
Triglycerides Type of fat found in the blood.
Thrombosis Formation of blood clots within blood vessels.
Thrombus Blood clot formed inside a vessel.
Tumor Abnormal growth of tissue, which may be benign or malignant.
Benign tumor Non-cancerous growth that does not spread in the body.
Malignant tumor Cancerous growth with the ability to invade and spread.
Diagnostic test Examination performed to identify a disease.
Rapid test Diagnostic test with quick results.
Intensive care Specialised medical care for critically ill patients.
Blood pressure Force exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries.
Dizziness Sensation of imbalance or vertigo.
Tissue Group of cells with a specific function in the body.

U

Ulcer Open sore that can occur on the skin or mucous membranes, such as in the stomach.
Gastric ulcer Sore in the stomach lining caused by acid or infection.
Duodenal ulcer Sore in the duodenum associated with gastric acidity.
Ultrasound (ultrasonography) Imaging test that uses sound waves to visualise internal organs.
Navel (umbilicus) Scar resulting from the cutting of the umbilical cord.
Nail Hard structure that protects the tips of the fingers and toes.
Ingrown nail Condition where the nail grows into the skin, causing pain and inflammation.
Intensive care unit (ICU) Hospital unit for the treatment of critically ill patients.
Urea Substance resulting from protein metabolism, eliminated by the kidneys.
Urethra Canal that carries urine from the bladder to the outside.
Urethritis Inflammation of the urethra, usually caused by infection.
Urology Medical specialty dedicated to the urinary system and male reproductive system.
Urine Fluid produced by the kidneys that eliminates waste from the body.
Medical urgency Condition requiring prompt care but without immediate life-threatening risk.
Urticaria (hives) Skin reaction with rashes and itching.
Uterus Organ of the female reproductive system where pregnancy occurs.
Uveitis Inflammation of the middle layer of the eye.
Ulcerative (ulcerative colitis) Inflammatory bowel disease that causes ulcers in the colon.
Ultraviolet (UV) Solar radiation that can affect the skin and eyes.
Chronic use Prolonged use of medications or substances.

V

Vaccine Preparation that stimulates the immune system to protect against diseases.
Vaccination Process of administering vaccines to prevent diseases.
Chickenpox (varicella) Contagious viral disease characterised by skin rashes.
Varicose veins Abnormal dilation of veins, usually in the legs.
Vasculitis Inflammation of blood vessels.
Blood vessels Structures that transport blood throughout the body.
Vasodilation Widening of blood vessels.
Vasoconstriction Narrowing of blood vessels.
Ventilation Movement of air in and out of the lungs.
Ventricle Chamber of the heart responsible for pumping blood.
Vertigo Sensation of spinning or imbalance.
Gallbladder Organ that stores bile produced by the liver.
Virus Microorganism that causes infections in the body.
Viral (infection) Disease caused by a virus.
Vision Ability to perceive images through the eyes.
Vitamin Essential nutrient for proper body function.
Vitamin D Vitamin important for bone health and immunity.
Vitamin C Antioxidant vitamin important for the immune system.
Vitiligo Condition that causes loss of skin pigmentation.
Vomiting Expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth.
Blood volume Total amount of blood in the body.
Vulva External part of the female reproductive system.
Vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina.
Vasopressin Hormone that regulates fluid balance in the body.
Vascular (system) Related to blood vessels.
Vasospasm Sudden contraction of a blood vessel.
Respiratory virus Virus that affects the respiratory system.
Preventive vaccination Administration of vaccines before exposure to diseases.
Valvular disease (valvulopathy) Disease affecting the heart valves.
Vein Blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.

X

Xanthelasma Fat deposits under the skin, usually around the eyelids.
Xanthoma Fat accumulation in the skin associated with cholesterol disorders.
Xeroderma Condition characterised by extremely dry skin.
Cutaneous xerosis Skin dryness that may cause flaking and itching.
Xerostomia Sensation of dry mouth due to reduced saliva production.
Xylitol Sweetener used as a sugar alternative, with benefits for oral health.
Xylose Sugar used in tests to assess intestinal absorption.
Xiphoid process Small bony structure located at the lower part of the sternum.
Xenotransplantation Transplant of organs or tissues between different species.
Xenobiotic Substance foreign to the body, such as drugs or toxins.

Z

Tinnitus Perception of sound in the ears without an external source, such as ringing or buzzing.
Zika Viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes, which may cause fever and skin rash.
Zoonosis Disease transmitted from animals to humans.
Zinc Essential mineral for the immune system and wound healing.
Herpes zoster (shingles) Reactivation of the chickenpox virus causing painful skin eruptions.
Zygote Initial cell formed after fertilisation of the egg by the sperm.
Lumbar region Lower part of the spine.
Thoracic region Middle section of the spine associated with the chest.
Swab Instrument used to collect biological samples.
Pulsatile tinnitus Type of tinnitus synchronised with the heartbeat.